A little write up about current military traditions and customs - from my own personal experiences from college classes and boot camp, and service

Regarding ranks and addressing people, unacquainted or less familiar people typically refer one another as "Rank Last name" ie. Corporal Carter, using Grenade's character as an example. Calling someone just by rank is fairly common as well. While out of regulation, people more familiar with one another, especially soldiers in the same squad or platoon, often refer to each other by just last name.

When addressing an officer (pretty much everyone else), one can use "Rank Last Name", "Rank", or refer to them as "Sir/Ma'am". Often times (especially when dealing with higher ranking officers), you can use 'sir/ma'am' to accent a conversation. ie "Colonel Harrison, so and so reporting as ordered, sir." or "Sir, so and so reporting as ordered, sir."

Salutes are generally rendered first from a subordinate to a superior, and then returned by the superior to the subordinate. Enlisted men/women do not salute each other. The salute for the most part, generally replaces, and is the equivalent of a civilian handshake. On the other hand, when a high ranking officer offers you his hand to shake, or when a superior officer salutes you first, that's generally an honor and means you did something really well.

You don't wear headgear indoors. I don't really know how that'll work in space, because everywhere is indoors... because space.

If you read Tachyon's post, you can get a good idea of what military conduct is like. "Attention" is the state of, well, standing attentively. Generally when called to attention, you drop whatever you're currently doing, stand up straight, and either get into a formation or give your attention to the officer in charge. The phrase "At ease" or occasionally "as you were" is essentially the order allowing people to return to their general business.

Other then that, its pretty much common sense and general courteousness. If I remember/realize anything else I'll mention it.