Well, blacking out is a possibility during the process of turning, at least, but it's not exactly a given... It is much quicker than the transformation you describe, though. As I said the power of the curse is in the blood, but normal blood can only be converted to vampiric blood by a vampiric heart. When vampiric blood is introduced into a non-vampire's system it preserves its supernatural properties, however, and even when this is the only bit of vampire-blood in a person, it will still cause localized manifestation of vampiric powers where it is, most frequently evidenced by the rapid healing occurring if it entered the recepient through a wound. Initially one won't feel much of anything despite having already been infected, and won't feel anything until the vampiric curse - either directly through the vampiric blood, if the infection was through a wound, or indirectly by transferring the curse to a portion of the victim's own blood if they were fed the vampiric blood and made to start digesting it - reaches the heart, which usually happens quite fast. At that point one will feel great pain in one's chest, and for a period of time that usually takes several hours but can take several days the victim will experience constant agony and suffer a burning fever, all while their body spasms incontrollably due to the trace amounts of the curse that will even then begin spreading to one's blood. Turning is so bad that it is actually possible, albeit rare, for one to die from it before it ends. The torment ends once the heart is fully claimed by the curse, and after that it usually takes about a day for the vampiric powers to fully manifest, though they will increase every minute up till then as their blood becomes more and more permeated with vampirism. The psychological changes tend to gradually occur over several days after that, and color-alterations over a few weeks. The fangs grow quickly - and painfully - within the first two days, though, enabling the fledging vampire to quickly start feeding.
And yes, it is technically possible to be incompatible with the vampire's blood, just as humans can be incompatible with each other's blood and such... not to mention different species receiving blood from each other. Due to the preserved healing-factor of the vampiric curse, however, the vampiric blood will draw upon its own power to heal the bloodpoisoning rather than let it hurt the victim. Small enough amounts of vampire-blood can even completely exhaust itself healing the damage it itself causes before it reaches the victim's heart, preventing the turning from ever taking place.