Well, he is currently crushing Fury's futuristic armour with a broken hand, so I was a little unsure about his damage.

I say strongest because ultimately, he could kill Fury with a single punch. He wasn't utilizing his main weapon very effectively throughout the fight and it cost him. He should have just punched the shit out of Fury at every given opportunity, even when he grabbed Fury's foot he could have just lashed out wildly with an elbow and snapped the bone instantly with his insane hitting momentum booster rings.