[b][/b][h1][center][b][u]The World as We Know It[/u][/b][/center][/h1] [center][b]Discord Chat[/b]: https://discord.gg/f6n4B8[/center] [center][img]http://i.imgur.com/9n9fobL.png[/img] [i]The World, 1900[/i][/center][center][h2]November, 1900[/h2][/center] [b][h2][center]Expansion of the Hironese Army[/center][/h2][/b] The Radenan seizure of Wenshou Island sent ripples through the [u]Emperor's Faction[/u] in the Imperium of Hiron. Those loyal to the Emperor and his whim realized that if changes were not implemented, any future of the Imperium outside of the Isles would be nothing but fanciful hopes and dream. The [u]Military Restructuring and Expansion Act[/u] was passed, though at some great cost of compromise to the imperialist [u]Nationalist Faction[/u]. The expansion of the military was only possible with promises of it's use as an offensive weapon, which lost some supporters of those who backed the Emperor. On November 1st, the first measure of the Act, the Conscription Provision was implemented and it was expected that the number of "men capable of service" went from 1,500,000 to nearly 3,700,000. Whether or not these men would ever have to service remained unknown. An order went out to begin the training of 20,000 soldiers with 10,000 reserves as well, an incremental monthly increase until the army was at it's new numbers under the [u]Military Restructuring and Expansion Act[/u]. [center][img]http://spiritualpilgrim.net/03_The-World-since-1900/04_The-Roaring-20s/pictures/Japanese-troops_Russian-civil-war.jpg[/img] [i]Hironese troops on parade in Senryu carrying Radenan Kirov.88 rifles, 1900[/i][/center] Additionally, the Imperium of Hiron would officially become the first nation with a dedicated naval Marine unit. It's date of establishment was November 19th, 1900. Artillery logistics officer Satsuke Nato had long been a proponent of a dedicated marine branch capable of operating autonomously, but he would not live to see the day, having been killed in a boating accident in 1896. The first Marines would be available in Spring of 1901 and with the aid of the Kalpian Military Mission, would be undoubtedly the finest soldiers in the world. [center][img]http://chinamarine.org/Portals/0/ALLIES/japan.jpg[/img] [i]Satsuke Nato, the unofficial father of the Hironese Marines, 1891[/i][/center] - [[b]Hiron[/b]:+4 Soldier Quality. Available Manpower from 0.02 to 0.07.] [hr][hr][b][h2][center]Has the Tsar's Time Come?[/center][/h2][/b] On November 2nd, Tsar Pyotr II became seriously ill with pneumonia from a trip to inspect the results of the Resettlement Act, precipitating a crisis in the Radenan Tsardom during the entire month. When it appeared that the Tsar's death was imminent, his advisors argued over whether he should be succeeded by his brother, Prince Artur, or, since he had no eligible sons, by his youngest son Olev. Future Prime Minister Alexei Surinov would relate later that a revision of the succession law came from the crisis, that would have allowed an heir under the age of 18 to succeed to the throne. [center][img]http://nd02.jxs.cz/099/523/e899366900_54199083_o2.jpg[/img] [i]Tsar Pyotr II, circa 1900[/i][/center] On November 15th, Pyotr became so ill that he was bedridden and no one--save for his immediate family--was allowed to see him. Olev, just fourteen years old at the time, was given additional security and taken from the Great Mansion to "keep him from the spotlight." The finest physicians in Radena--and Kalpia, Oslad and Seljuk--were ordered to Pyotr's Great Mansion and every precaution was taken. Leaders from the other Great Powers watched on, as suddenly the leadership of the largest nation in the world was suddenly at stake. [hr][hr][b][h2][center]The Zellonian Economy Spirals[/center][/h2][/b] The [u]Kingdom of Zellonia and Memoital[/u], for it's meager population, was one of the most resource nations on the planet. It's dual mountain ranges were home to hundreds of thousands of tons of unused iron and coal. In the Northeast nor the Marnish border were untapped chromium and copper deposits. During the Zello-Osladian War, King James Conrad did not reign in the agrarian nation's fledgling industrial base and in the wake of the Kalpo-Osladian invasion, much of the Western industry in Nervington and Vorl were destroyed en masse. Following the [b][u]Treaty of Liubeth[/u][/b], the free trade of Zellonia once again began to prosper. In July, 1900 the Kingdom of Zellonia, 94% of Zellonia's production were agricultural goods--mostly along the southern edge of the nation by the Inner Sea. While the iron and coal industries were only just being reignited under King James Conrad's continued reign, it was not by intent or design that the lack of growth came because of a stunted economy in the aftermath of a terrible, terrible war. Zellonia's future lay in the development of it's rich resource laden areas--predominantly the territories of Mowden and Bergen in the East. [center][img]http://i.imgur.com/tRfdCqF.png[/img] [i]Zellonian National Resources, 1900[/i][/center] Zellonia's vast resources' only limitations were the Zellonian industries that were working them. New companies started to sprout up literally overnight following the [b][u]Treaty of Liubeth[/u][/b], where, for what it was worth, no harsh reparations or limitations were placed on the Zellonian economy; whether by intention by Osladian and Kalpian diplomats or by simple oversight, the Zellonians took to their cause with a very sincere cause. Those Zellonians who were unemployed moved East to to find work in the logging and mining industries that were rising up there. Borgen's population, 325,000 in 1899 had risen to nearly 800,000 by the winter of 1900. [center][img]http://monovisions.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/swedish-churches-from-1100-1900-ad-04.jpg[/img] [i]A typical Zellonian village, circa 1899[/i][/center] The agrarian spirit of Zellonia was not lost on the nation however, as it's huge coastal farmlands were some of the most beautiful on the Continent. Norrans, famed for the duality of the mountainous stereotype alongside the well-to-do-farmer was not far off the mark. The Zellonians were not only self-sufficient, but exporting grain to the likes of Itherae and Karum. In the industrial city centers, the Zellonian national spirit was well alive. On November 15th, the [b]Zellonian National Holiday[/b], King James Conrad ordered the [u]13th Infantry Division[/u] on a military parade through Zeel to help raise morale. The theme of such a parade: "[i]We are Together. We are United. We are Zell.[/i]" Near forty thousand onlookers showed up to the main thoroughfare to watch the spectacle of the Zellonian Royal Army. [center][img]https://kreuzberged.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/soldiers-marching-in-front-of-jandorc2b4f-department-store-belle-alliance-strasse-1-round-1900-blekinge-musuem-karlskrona-sweden.jpg[/img] [i]Zellonian Military Parade, 1900[/i][/center] On November 18th, the Zellonian Advisory Parliament was called into meeting by King James Conrad, the reason: an emergency budget reallocation of resources and funds. The so called [b][u]Phoenix Budget[/u][/b] had the following changes: [hider=Phoenix Budget, 1900] [list][*][b][u]Article I.[/u][/b] The amount of coal allowed for sale on the market is reduced to 227,000 tons. [*][b][u]Article II.[/u][/b] The amount of Iron allowed for sale on the market is reduced to 310,000 tons. [*][b][u]Article III.[/u][/b] The amount of agricultural good on the market shall be reduced to 1,500,000 tons. Precious metals and Machine Parts shall no longer be sold on the market. Instead they will be distributed to our own factories. (Our Precious metals will be given to Galdor’s Good’s our very own market in Zeel, while our Machine Parts will be provided to Fergin’s Industries which produces many of our very own heavy duty metals.) [*][b][u]Article IV.[/u][/b] Furthermore 20,000 tons of coal will be provided to the following factories 1.Galdor’s Good’s the Heavy industry factory. 2.Fergin Industries the consumer good’s factory. 3.Hopeful Speed our own automotive factory. 4.Zeel’s Beyond Seas our own veletian frshipping factory. 5.Gunther’s Guns our own armament factory. 6.Reed’s Rifles another armament factory 7.Draven’s Rails our own railroad corporation. [*][b][u]Article V.[/u][/b] In Addition 20,000 tons of Iron will be provided to 1.Zeel’s Beyond Seas our own shipping factory. 2.Guntherson’s Arms our own armament factory. 3.Reed’s Rifles another armament factory 4.Galdor’s Good’s the Heavy industry factory. 5.Draven’s Rails our own railroad corporation. [*][b][u]Article VI.[/u][/b] Our own famers across the country specifically Farmer Manshon large corporatio will be supplied with 1,000,000 excess crops and seeds to increase our production. [*][b][u]Article VII.[/u][/b] Furthermore an investment of 50,000 tons of iron, 40,000 tons of coal and $21,000,000 will be used to begin construction of another shipping factory this time in Xerotith. Called James Light Harbor. [*][b][u]Article VIII.[/u][/b] Finally, 6 million Zeels will be spent to increase the number of shipyards we have and allow us to produce more ships. In addition Zellonia will begin funding colonization efforts around the globle with current investments set at 50 million.[/list] [i]James Conrad, King of Zellonia and Monarch of Memoital[/i] [img]http://i.imgur.com/0KCJZqP.png[/img] [/hider] With his signature, the expectation was that the Zellonian government would begin seeing the effects of the [b][u]Phoenix Budget[/u][/b] in December. [hr][hr][b][h2][center]The Itheraen Front[/center][/h2][/b] The Itheraen Front was not a meat grinder, it was a death sentence. The Tyrian and Itheraen High Command gave little respite to their soldiers. When the Tyrians rested after two offensives, the Itheraens began their own. From the 1921 memoir, [i]My Time in the Trenches[/i], Itheraen Private Andres Menas recounted the [b][u]Battle of Ficardo[/u][/b]: [quote][b][center]Chapter XIV: The Bloodiest Day in Itheraen History[/center][/b] "[i] .and four months ago we were a thing of nightmares. The Itheraen Republican Army had devastated the Tyrians in every sense of the word in war games. We had the greatest general in our history. And then they told to us dig. You see, those mongrels were slow to get to the getting. Slow to think, slow to move. They took us right up to the border and we saw from the flats the entire expense of the Empire. And then they told us to dig in. There's no poison worse than waiting. A man doesn't know digging until it's for his life, for his own damned safety. But let me tell you, it didn't give a lick of safety from the Tyrian guns. I don't know what war they were fighting before this one, but the man who gave the order to dig a hole in the earth should've been hung from a tree. And then the bastards to told us to climb out of those holes and charge them.[/i]"[/quote] The front had three very minor salients: the Mountain salient, the Ficardo salient and the Southern salient. On the day of November 7th, 50,000 men of the Itheraen 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th Reserve Divisions launched an all out and otherwise major offensive on the Tyrian line while a diversionary assault was feigned in the North by the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Reserve division near Ficardo. The Itheraens--suffering from an abysmal lack of front line artillery offered a short thirty minute barrage from "whistle beating" the men to the front--the art of using whistles as a call to action. The Tyrians, only a thousand meters away, nicknamed it the "dinner bell." [center][img]https://i.pinimg.com/736x/f9/de/a2/f9dea25540a06e3e8bd1be5bc3e93657--year--first-world.jpg[/img] [i]Itheraens navigating the harsh terrain to begin the "Southern Offensive," November, 1900[/i][/center] Conducted from November 7th to November 14th, the 50,000 Itheraens plunged headfirst into the jagged terrain of the central plains. The general order for the offensive relied primarily on the success of the diversionary attack in the North against Ficardo, which was successful in the sense that a majority of the Prager.99 machine guns were pulled from their nests the night before and moved north along the line. The result was a moderately successful push along the Southern Edge, but a modicum of machine guns remaining chewed in the 50,000 Itheraens in a week long offensive. The Itheraen "Southern Offensive" was considered a [i]tactical success[/i] by the Itheraens for having turned the tide against an almost entirely defensive campaign by successfully pushing the Tyrians back across the center. [center][img]http://www.armynow.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/%CE%A4%CE%91%CE%93%CE%9C%CE%91-%CE%A0%CE%95%CE%96%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%9F%CE%A5-1940-%CE%A0%CE%95%CE%96%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%9F.jpg[/img] [i]A squad of Itheraen riflemen amidst the Southern Offensive[/i][/center] The diversionary attack against Ficardo however had an enormous backlash. With a probing offensive that ended just in time to allow the Southern Offensive to begin, the Tyrians immediately ordered a [u]Counter Attack[/u] against the Ficardo salient in the North immediately following the attack (that the Tyrians were unaware was a feint) turned into an easy battle for Ficardo, whom the Itheraens gave up without a fight. The front, in a matter of weeks, had turned to a lopsided mess. [center][img]http://i.imgur.com/TplABEo.png[/img] [i]The Tyro-Itheraen Front, Present[/i][/center] [hider=Southern Offensive Casualties (November, 1900)] 1. [b][color=yellow]Itheraen Republic[/color][/b]: - 39,991 Soldiers - 27,543 Itheraen Model 99 Rifles - 599,000 Rifle Ammunition - 14,000 Artillery Shells - 1% Poor Approval ("[i]Ficardo belongs to the Tyrians, for now[/i].") 2. [b][color=purple]Tyro-Redanian Empire[/color][/b]: - 16,591 Soldiers - 9,411 Mawka II Rifles - 497,000 Rifle Ammunition - 9,000 Artillery Shells - 21 Prager.99 Machine Guns - 1% Middle Class Support ("[i]They're just outside Markenburg![/i]")[/hider] [center][Expected Weather for December in the [u]Itheraen Front[/u]: 2" to 3" of snowfall.][/center] [hr][hr][b][h2][center]Itherae's Hopes[/center][/h2][/b] While war raged in the lowlands and the mountains of the border, the interior of the Tyro-Redanian Empire was an intricate web of cultural identities. Nearly a third of the empire was made up of non-Tyrians and non-Redanians, among them the Voskiyans, the Itheraens, the Karlevians, Deltorans and a slew of others. At the beginning of 1900 there were over five and a half million Itheraens living in the empire's Eastern reaches. The Tyro-Redanians, their army having been significantly reduced through spending, had deemed it unnecessary to maintain garrisons on the inside of the enemy, leaving their industrial centers vulnerable to subterfuge and espionage. With winter setting in, being outside was an exhausting affair. Only those who had business kept much out of their houses, especially in the North. The [i]Triple I[/i] was Itherae's most effective tool for creating chaos in Tyro-Redania, and it's funding increased threefold during the month of November: to $1,500,000 dollars. Through Karum, agents were inserted in Tyro-Redanian culture to help appropriate this cash, turning it into weapons, explosives and bribes. On November 14th, the Steyrworks factory in the mountainous city of Tarburg was targeted for attack. Responsible for 100% of the field gun production in the empire and with any security, six agents of the [i]Triple I[/i] broke in after dark and started a fire. The local constabularies were alerted half an hour later, but much of the damage had been done. By morning, the workers realized that half of the machinery had gone up in smoke and the factory itself was too dangerous to work in. It was apparent by this recent act of sabotage that the promises from the King-Emperor of protection from all enemies, inside and out, were not as solid as they had seemed. If an approach to stop this rot from the inside, it was likely that the [i]Triple I[/i] would recruit more to their ranks and their attacks would grow even bolder. - [[b]Steyrworks Factory #1[/b] is damaged. 50% Production for November and December. -1% Poor Approval.] [hr][hr][b][h2][center]The Veletian Front[/center][/h2][/b] While present in force in October, the [b][u]Royal & Imperial Navy[/u][/b] were given no standing orders during the month of November. The Inner Sea thus was given, entirely uncontested, to the Veletian [b]1st Imperiale Fleet[/b]. Left to it's own devices, the [b]1st Imperiale Fleet[/b] was left free to cruise along the Tyro-Redanian coast, first to Weindorf, where they sat for nearly eight hours and expanded several thousand rounds by bombarding the city. [center][img]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bf/Bouvet_in_the_Dardanelles.png[/img] [i]VX Paix Éternel off the Tyro-Redanian coast, November 1900[/i][/center] The [b][u]1st Imperiale Fleet[/u][/b] continued on unabated. On November 6th, 1900 the Veletian destroyer [i]VX Blason[/i], whom an observer on board believed to have seen the wake of a torpedo inbound in the water, turned hard to port and rammed the [i]VX Paix Éternel[/i]. Her starboard magazines, filled high-explosive ammunition went off, setting her ablaze. The [i]VX Blason[/i] sank in four and a half minutes, with 85% of her crew going down with her. The [i]VX Paix Éternel[/i], without emergency orders and limping at 7 knots, was given the opportunity to make way for port at Zanzan in the hopes that no wandering Tyrian fleets were abroad. The Veletian Front was quiet. Veletian sharpshooters distinguished themselves with high marks. Such aces as Jean-Pascal Frère (17 kills), Edmond Desmarais (12 kills) and Camille Veil (9 kills) become local legends, using the Vinnault-99 with a [i]Technoque II 2.8mm[/i] sight. These were not standard issue and only those soldiers wealthy enough to afford one were given the opportunity. The most successful sniper in the Gabrelle Mountains however was Captain Matthieu Duchemin, credited with 26 confirmed kills in just thirty days of fighting. [center][img]https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/ac/59/4b/ac594b52c8d6780bfddf2ea49ddb5fc6.jpg[/img] [i]Second Lieutenant Matthieu Duchemin, credited with 26 enemy kills in November 1900[/i][/center] The curious game of cat and mouse withered as the Tyrians ordered a halt to their probing offensives. The Tyrians attempted to combat sinking morale by rotating brigades down into the city of Holtzer for a week at a time to warm themselves. The Veletians made permanent their foundations and tents, and sent increased rations to the mountaintop with accompanying chefs, a feat that was expected to cost the government nearly $440,000 dollars a month from the War Ministry. [hider=Casualties of the Veletian Front] 1. [b][color=purple]Empire of Violette[/color][/b] - [i]VX Blason[/i] [DD. Sunk] - [i]VX Paix Éternel[/i] [B. Heavily damaged.] - 1,916 Soldiers. - 2,414 Vinnault-99 Rifles. - 14,000 Rifle Ammunition. - 1,450 Artillery Shells. 2. [b][color=purple]Tyro-Redanian Empire[/color][/b] - 2,510 Soldiers. - 1,999 Mawka II Rifles. - 17,500 Rifle Ammunition. - 1,825 Artillery Shells. - 4% Middle-class Approval[/hider] [center][Expected Weather for December in the [u]Veletian Front[/u]: 4" to 5" of snowfall. Blizzards in latter half of the month.][/center] [hr][hr][b][h2][center]Osladian Naval Appropriation Bill[/center][/h2][/b] With the end of the Zello-Osladian War, the Empire of Oslad had turned it's cheek to many of the wrongs of the Zellonians in favor of embellishing the fate of nearly 75,000 citizens of Nervington and drawing back into the international spotlight the freedom of the Strait. The Zellonians by all accounts took this freedom and almost immediately after continued building their navy, finishing the 12,500 ton [i]ZRN Viper[/i] with her two sister ships [i]ZRN Thunder[/i] and [i]ZRN Storm[/i] finishing this month, adding an additional 25,000 tons to a Zellonian Royal Navy already the fourth strongest in the world. The Osladians responded with the [b][u]Naval Appropriation Bill[/u][/b]. The bill promised 3 new Kirov-class light cruisers for Oslad, 3 new Kirov-class cruisers for the Seljuk Empire and 5 new Kashin-class Destroyers, adding up to 17,800 tons for Oslad and 15,300 tons for Seljuk respectively for a cost of $5,434,000. The Seljuk job would net nearly $300,000 in cash. While respectable, the Zellonians would outclass a navy already beleaguered of funds in the Osladian state within 3 years. Many believed that if Zellonian were allowed complete naval supremacy than it was simply a matter of time before they tried to retake control of the Strait again. Many believed that a lackluster attempt at bringing in the Zellonian Royal Navy at Liubeth was to blame. - [[b]Empire of Oslad[/b]: $5,434,000 to construction of 5 Kashin-class destroyers, 6 Kirov-class light cruisers. +1 State Power. +1% Poor Approval. +1% Middle Class Approval.] [hr][hr][b][h2][center]Zellonian Colonization in Serranthia[/center][/h2][/b] While the Zellonian economy spiraled the drain, King James Conrad, whose political power to change the economic budget in the middle of a fiscal year, appropriated $50,000,000 for "private companies" to trek the globe, and if they felt necessary, colonize pieces of land that might prove financially viable in the future. The first company that broke the proverbial ice was the [b][u]Nervington Trading Co.[/u][/b], or the [i]NTC[/i]. Headed by Charles Warner, a former veteran of the Zello-Osladian War, the NTC had prospered by establishing hard to reach travel avenues in the mountains between Zellonia and Marnland. His next big adventure: Serranthia. Serranthia had been untouched by Continental hands except the Tarantese and Violette, who had cut the continent up in an undisclosed agreement alleged to have occurred in a backroom deal in 1885. In 1900 the Tyro-Redanians seized an opportunity laid upon them by the Survians who lost control of their colony at Radesta. That same stretch of land was where Charles Warner was headed. On November 15th, he and 28 colleagues landed at Heffa and took the coastal road up to Salum. There, they purchased camels and passed through Tez, then into the North Coastlands. The lands there were easily navigated, and upon the shores he claimed the city of [b][u]Warner[/u][/b]. Zellonian Serranthia had just begun. This was beyond official, as any legitimate international recognition of a colony in Serranthia was up for debate as no official legislation existed anywhere in the world for such a thing. Additionally, a pair of huts and a well were all the city of Warner amounted to on November 15th, a far cry away from the civilized bastions of Argentine and Cotê d'Or. [hr][hr][b][h2][center]Man Takes to the Sky.. Briefly[/center][/h2][/b] In the mostly agrarian village of Luska, Oslad, Lazlo Stanislauv toiled as a shepherd in the summer and a courier in the winter. He had a dream that was different than either of those things. Lazlo dreamed of the sky. In his spare time, Lazlo worked on the [i]Stanis Glider[/i], a makeshift machination of wood and sheet. The Kalpian woodworker Boris Braun--a recent emigrant from Kalpia--had been helping refine the wooden frame. The Boletarian miner Yeltsov brought the materials, for which Lazlo paid him fifty cents a pound. The three toiled for months, purely as a hobby. There was little to be gained besides the friendship between three men and the idea of success. After eighteen months, Lazlo was finally ready to try. Lazlo, Boris and Yeltsov took to a nearby field--the steepest field they could find--and recruited a nearby woodworker Marco to help push the thing down a hill. For two whole dollars, the man was in. On November 19th, 1900, Lazlo climbed onto the glider and gave the okay. [center][img]https://www.aopa.org/-/media/images/legacy/aopa/home/news/all/2011/november/thousands-celebrate-wright-glider-experiments/111121wright_glider_lrg.jpg?la=en[/img] [i]Stanislauv's dream becomes a reality, 1900[/i][/center] [hr][hr][b][h2][center]The Horseless Horse Show in Kalpia[/center][/h2][/b] On November 30th, 1900 in Leikap, Kalpia, the world's first [b][u]Automotive Show[/u][/b] got underway. Called the "Horseless Horse Show" by it's attendees, it was a display of the world's various automobiles--some new, some not. Present were the new [b][u]Jostwagen-2's[/u][/b] and the [b]Parnand Amieux[/b], both fuel powered automobiles, both extremely experimental. The newest arrival to the international automotive scene was the [i]Markin Yenson Co.[/i] owned and operated by Wincenty Markin. An equestrian by trade, he saw the invention of the automobile as the evolution of man's constant battle to be faster. By implementing designs from the Parnand [i]Simple[/i] and the [i]Jostwagen[/i], he invented the first [b][u]Yenson 31 HP[/u][/b]. [center][img]http://myautoworld.com/mercedes/history/cars1886/1901-35hp/760497_1386471_3541_2050_25074.jpg[/img] [i]The Yenson 31 HP, November, 1900[/i][/center] The Yenson 31 HP was a radical early car model designed in 1900 by Wincenty Markin of Kalpia. Its name is derived from the power of the car, 35 Pferdestärke (26 kW, approximately 31 horsepower). A significant advancement over the previous generation of automobiles, which were modified stagecoaches, the Yenson 31 HP is regarded as the first modern car. It was equipped with a powerful petrol engine, it was both wider and larger with a tailored steel chassis, and its center of mass was near the ground. Originally designed as a racing car, the Yenson 31 HP was further developed for normal road use. In the 19th century, Wicenty Markin career as an industrial designer had been with Nargutt Corporation in their Falhund workshop (near Arsech), at which together they had pioneered the petrol engine production and were responsible for designing and making some of the world's first automobiles. By 1900, Markin was the Chief Engineer within the experimental branch, which had been an expansion of their previous company that originated from their small workshop. He never got along with the new capitalist board, and later left to join Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Luftschifffahrt. In 1900. Sobeslav Kantorowicz was a wealthy Redanian businessman and Tyro-Redanaian diplomat living in Labelle. His daughter Adriana Savorena Kantorowicz, 10 years old at the car's construction, was given the pet name "Yenson". Sobeslav used to name his possessions after her, such as his mansions, the automobiles he sold, his racing car team, etc.. He himself was often known as Monsieur Yenson. As an avid fan of the Parnand Simple, Sobselav had signed up two Parnand Simple proto-cars for competing in the Lorre-La Turbie race on 30 March 1900, introducing the Yenson name for both his racing team and its cars. A tragedy ensued when Marcus Mauer, the chief mechanic of Parnand, raced one of the cars and was killed after the first curve of the race. Consequently, Parnand canceled all further involvement in motorsport. Nonetheless, Sobeslav persuaded Markin to design a new model for competing again. He insisted that the powerful engine should be developed by a Jostwagen powered engine and be named Yenson, after his daughter. This wish was granted. [center][img]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Wimbit-Jellinek-Main.jpg[/img] [i]Sobeslav Kantorowicz, 1900[/i][/center] Sobeslav specified revolutionary improvements. Unlike the previous generation of cars, unstable motorized coaches of narrow high bodies which were so prone to overturn, the novel Yenson should be longer, wider, and of a lower center of gravity. Also it would have a light steel body and strong chassis, onto which the engine would be firmly fixed near the ground and lowering the car's center of gravity. 36 of these cars would be delivered, for the large sum of $500,000 Kalpian crowns. Over the following months of 1900 Sobeslav oversaw the process closely, at first through daily telegrams, and subsequently, by traveling personally. Leikap Corp. tested the new car for the first time on 22 September and JSobeslav received his first delivery on 22 October 1900. In November 1900, Sobeslav Kantorowicz's Yenson team tested six of the new Yenson 31 HP in the Confluence Prix, but the race car was of a disappointing performance by multiple technical complications and enduring just for few laps. The Yenson 31 HP had a wheelbase of 2.345 m and a track of 1.400 m. The total weight was also dramatically reduced to 1200 kg by making the main chassis frame of pressed steel of carefully designed U-shaped cross section. The relatively light engine (230 kg, with 6.6 kg/hp) was mounted over the front axle without any extra subframes, so its center of gravity was close to the ground. Running gear The wooden wheels of the Yenson 31 HP were non-removable, featuring 12 spokes, steel covers and pneumatic tires: 910 mm tall, 90 mm wide in front, and 1020 mm tall, 120 mm wide in the rear. There were two braking systems, one hand operated and the other by foot. The main brake was the hand brake which acted on the rear wheels which had 30 cm drums. The secondary, foot brake, acted on the chain drive's intermediate shaft and was water-cooled. Both axles were rigid, equipped with semi-elliptic springs. The steering-axles were designed to minimise transmission of road shocks to the driver. The steering column was inclined backwards unlike the vertical shaft on many of its contemporaries. The engine of the Yenson 31 HP was at the front of the car driving the rear wheels through a large roller chain. The gearshift was at the driver's right side, featuring a gate change system with four forward speeds and a reverse gear. The drum like compact clutch system was attached to the flywheel. The flywheel consisted of a self-adjustable coil spring made up of wound spring steel. The tension at which the clutch operated was regulated by a conical cam. The main bearings were made of magnalium, an aluminium alloy with 5% magnesium. The crankcase was also made of aluminium. The four cylinders, cast in grey iron with fixed heads, gave a total displacement of 5.918 L (116 mm bore, 140 mm stroke), and were arranged in pairs each pair with a single spray-nozzle carburetor. The intake and exhaust valves were no longer opened by cylinder pressure but by two camshafts on the sides of the engine, driven by gears from the flywheel. There were two carburetors, one for each cylinder-pair. The engine was started by a hand crank aided by the presence of a decompressor. The engine also incorporated a low-voltage magneto with make-and-break spark ignition. This was fitted at Soneslav's demand, replacing the antiquated hot tube system. Cooling was provided by a pumped water system. Leikarp's tubular radiator, patented in 1897, known as a honeycomb radiator, was similar to present-day ones. Its rectangular grille had 8070 pipes with a square cross section of 6 mm × 6 mm to improve airflow, and held 9 L of water. The airflow was assisted by a fan located behind the radiator. [center][img]https://www.supercars.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/1901_Mercedes_35HPPhaeton2.jpg[/img] [i]Production Model Yenson 31 HP. Cost $3,150[/i][/center] The Yenson 31 HP engine ran between 300 rev/min and 1000 rev/min, its speed controlled by the driver using a lever on the steering wheel. Its peak output was 31 HP at 950 rev/min.