[right][url=https://youtu.be/NOmB8bZT6Ps][color=bca346][i]♪[/i][/color][/url][/right] [center][color=bca346]Cont.[/color][/center] [center][h1]דתות ואלוהויות[/h1][sup][sub]R E L I G I O N S A N D D E I T I E S[/sub][/sup][hr][/center] [indent][indent][color=bca346]C H R I S T I A N I T Y[/color][indent][hider=][h1][/h1][color=silver] ----[/color][h1][/h1][/hider][/indent][/indent][/indent] [indent][indent][color=bca346]H E L L E N I S M[/color][indent][hider=][h1][/h1][color=silver] ----[/color][h1][/h1][/hider][/indent][/indent][/indent] [indent][indent][color=bca346]I S L A M[/color][indent][hider=][h1][/h1][color=silver] ----[/color][h1][/h1][/hider][/indent][/indent][/indent] [indent][indent][color=bca346]K E M E T I S M[/color][indent][hider=][h1][/h1][color=silver] ----[/color][h1][/h1][/hider][/indent][/indent][/indent] [indent][indent][color=bca346]W I C C A[/color][indent][hider=][h1][/h1][color=silver] ----[/color][h1][/h1][/hider][/indent][/indent][/indent] [center][h1]כַּשָׁפוּת[/h1][sup][sub]M A G I C[/sub][/sup][hr][/center] [indent][indent][color=bca346]S P E L L S[/color][indent][hider=][h1][/h1][color=silver] A spoken word or form of words held to have magic power. The language of spells is sometimes archaic and is not always understood by the reciter. In some cases meaningless but familiar terms are believed to be efficacious because of their traditional value. Much magical language, however, is clearly and directly correlated with the aim of the recital. In symbolic statement by analogy it represents and foreshadows the technical achievement, and metaphor and simile are freely used. An example is a Maori spell giving speed and grace to a canoe, which speaks of the swiftness of a bird on the wing and the lightness of a sea gull and which uses such onomatopoeic effects as speed noises or the wailing of the sea. In blessings and curses, which are similar types of verbal expressions, the efficacy of the recitation is also believed to be connected to the magical power of the words themselves or to the sacred power of a supernatural being. Certain gestures as well as words may be bound up with the act of blessing, as in putting one’s hands on the head of the person being blessed. The curse, a wish to cause harm or misfortune, is usually directed against others, although an important form of curse, associated with oaths, contracts, and treaties, is conditionally directed against oneself, should one fail to keep one’s word or tell the truth.[/color][h1][/h1][/hider][/indent] [color=bca346]M A T E R I A L S[/color][indent][hider=][h1][/h1][color=silver] Much anthropological literature refers to the objects used in magic as "medicines," hence the popular use of the term medicine man for magician. These medicines include herbs, animal parts, gemstones, sacred objects, or props used in performance and are thought to be potent in themselves or empowered by incantations or rituals. In some cases, medicines that are intended to heal are physiologically effective; for example, the poppy is used widely as an anesthetic, willow bark is used by some as an analgesic, and garlic and onions being used as antibiotics. Other medicines that are meant to cause harm, such as toad extracts and bufadienolides, are, in fact, known poisons. Other materials have a symbolic relationship to the intended outcome, as with divination from animal parts. In scapulamancy (divination from a sheep shoulder bone), for example, the sheep’s bone reflects the macrocosmic forces of the universe. In sorcery a magician may employ something belonging to the intended victim (e.g., hair, nail parings, or a piece of clothing) as part of the ritual. The rite itself may be symbolic, as with the drawing of protective circles in which to call up spirits, the sprinkling of water on the ground to make rain, or the destruction of a wax image to harm a victim. Plants or other objects can also symbolize desired outcomes: in rites to ensure a canoe’s speed, an example is the use of light vegetable leaves to represent the ease with which the craft will glide over the water; another example is to place a stone in a tree fork to postpone the setting of the sun; and a final example is that a people once swallowed gold to cure jaundice.[/color][h1][/h1][/hider][/indent] [color=bca346]R I T E S[/color][indent][hider=][h1][/h1][color=silver] Because magic is based on performance, ritual and the magician’s knowledge and ability play a significant role in its efficacy. The performance of magic also presumes an audience, either the spiritual forces addressed, the patient-client, or the community. Both the magician and the rite itself are concerned with the observance of taboos and the purification of the participants. Magicians, like priests presiding over religious rituals, observe restrictions of diet or other certain activities to demarcate the rite from ordinary and profane activities and to invest it with sanctity. Illusions are the most easy to perform.[/color][h1][/h1][/hider][/indent] [color=bca346]F U N C T I O N S[/color][indent][hider=][h1][/h1][color=silver] Foremost among the many roles magic plays are its “instrumental” and “expressive” functions. Based in the attempt to influence nature or human behaviour, magic’s instrumental function is measured by its efficacy in achieving the desired result. Anthropologists identify three main types of instrumental magic: the productive, the protective, and the destructive. Productive magic is employed to solicit a successful outcome from human labour or nature, such as bountiful hunt or harvest or good weather. Protective magic aims to defend an individual or community from the vagaries of nature and the evil of others. The use of amulets to ward off contagious diseases or the recitation of charms before a journey are examples of this protective function. Lastly, destructive magic, or sorcery, is intended to harm others, often is motivated by envy, and is socially disruptive. Consequently, the use of countermagic against sorcery may relieve some social tension within a community. Magic’s expressive function results from the symbolic and social meanings attached to its practices, though its performers may not necessarily be aware of this function. Magic can provide a sense of group identity through shared rituals that give power or strength to members. At the same time, it can isolate the magician as a special person within or on the margins of society. Magic can also serve as a creative outlet or form of entertainment. It is, therefore, inseparable from the total system of thought, belief, and practice in a given society.[/color][h1][/h1][/hider][/indent][/indent][/indent] [center][h1]טֶכנוֹלוֹגִיָה[/h1][sup][sub]T E C H N O L O G Y[/sub][/sup][hr][/center] [center][h1]יצורים[/h1][sup][sub]C R E A T U R E S[/sub][/sup][hr][/center] [indent][indent][color=bca346]A L M I R A J[/color][/indent] ----[/indent] [indent][indent][color=bca346]D R A G O N[/color][/indent] ---[/indent] [indent][indent][color=bca346]G R I F F I N[/color][/indent] ----[/indent] [indent][indent][color=bca346]H E L L H O U N D[/color][/indent] ----[/indent] [indent][indent][color=bca346]K E R E S H[/color][/indent] ----[/indent] [indent][indent][color=bca346]S L E I P N I R[/color][/indent] ----[/indent] [indent][indent][color=bca346]T I G R I S[/color][/indent] ----[/indent] [indent][indent][color=bca346]N / A[/color][/indent] ----[/indent]