Hidden 4 yrs ago 4 yrs ago Post by Starboard Watch
Raw
GM
Avatar of Starboard Watch

Starboard Watch Jolly Tar

Member Seen 5 mos ago

Anyway, as you figure that out, I'll build the story for you. So basically the pre-Deluge World is totally unknown to the people of this Empire (story is set like 2000 years after the Deluge) but it exists mainly as myth which comes out of the direct aftermath of the Deluge. Earth managed to unite into two power blocs, but also managed to colonize the Moon and Mars, terraforming the latter (super important btw). At some point the two power blocs collided and basically plunged the world into chaos. Nuclear War, etc etc etc. Here is where the myth begins: A man arises from somewhere in the Italian Peninsula named Procas who unites the Aryan peoples of Europe. He is said to have been borne of the Sun and the Moon, and slays the Mad Bull in his youth. After uniting the Peninsular tribes, he pushes northward until finally winning a triumphal victory against the Insular Tribes. A Great Council in Gothenburg formalizes the Terran Empire, and crowns Procas as the first Universal Emperor. He and his descendants, although most of it is in the myth assigned to Procas, unite Terra (Earth) and are eventually contacted by the Martians, who have become a unified and martial society but are now like a distinct race (7 foot tall, copperish skin, etc).
Over the course of the centuries, Man (the Terrans) spread out across the Galaxy and colonize pretty much every world they can. By the time our roleplay starts, distinct ethnic groups exist who speak variations upon the Imperial Standard, although the courtly language is still High Terran (maybe something like Latin? Idk). Each ethnic group is kind of using like old-style names, which is just a personal stylistic choice of mine. Terrans, by and large, tend to use Roman-like names


tbh in this RP history diverged a lot
everywhere except Europe, Australia, and North America get fucked up
But regardless
the Terran Empire went through its cycle of Golden Age and is now entering a Dark Age
The old Emperor Ignatius died and his son, Honorius, who succeeded him was unwilling to really take the throne
He never really wanted to be Emperor but recognized that he had to
His brother, Prince Arnaud, Count of the Outer Stars, is really vengeful because he was his father's favorite
And insulted by his brother's lack of will to properly become Emperor, he rallies a bunch of noblemen and system sectors (including, most prominently, Alpha Centauri, the main planet of which is called Gelasia) in a rebellion
He secretly plans to usurp the Throne but as the rebellion went on, he turned it into a sort of Communistic Bolshevik sort of Revolution
to totally overthrow the Emperor and the institution of Empire
Honorius responds with force as he finally truly becomes "Emperor"
that was ten years ago
The Galaxy is a mess, the Empire is beginning to give way to the Rebellion, which I imagine is called the Free Galactic Revolutionary Council or something equally communistic
Our story takes place on Targus IV, a relatively insignificant planet in the grand scheme of the War
just a battle among other battles
But it binds the Adjutant and the Brigadier together to the end of the War
The Front is chaotic though so even though we're officers we'll be doing some fighting.


other worldbuilding stuff I guess is that Terra has been conquered
Mars has literally been destroyed
idk how else to describe it I guess but the entire Martian Race has been exterminated except those off-world
The Martians are feverently pro-Empire
The Imperial Court fled to Surya, a planet on the Outer Rim deep in Imperial Space
The Prince is basically rallying a bunch of disparate forces: rebellious barons and nobility who felt jilted by the centralized Imperial system, lower class slaves and serfs who joined the fray after being spurned on by promises of Republic, merchants who felt the pain of Imperial taxes and seek to dismantle the system under which they chafed
It's allegorical, really, to historical things
I guess, the eternal pull between Aristocracy and the Masses
The Rightful King and the Unlawful Usurper
The Empire is also pretty Pagan, religiously speaking
The Sun is considered to be the ultimate manifestation of the Godhead, of which the ultimate manifestation is the Galactic Core
The Galaxy spinning and rotating around it
they believe in Gods, holy men, as like the Romans and Germans did etc etc
do you have any lore questions?
In my head I viewed it a lot like the Crusade against the Cathars by the Romanists, the fall of the Third Reich, and the demise of Akhenaten's Empire

yeah basically imagine this Empire as being comprised of mostly European-types
who are, depending how you view it, organically assuming the rhymthic variation of Time back towards the names of their long-ago ancestors
or
LARPing as ancestors
Terrans are Romans, Martians are like Old Slavics
Panchalans are Frankish
Alpha Centaurians are more like closer-to-modern-day Frenchmen
for example Prince Arnaud's real name is Arnoldus Norbanus Antius
The Emperor's name being Honorius Norbanus Antius
but he changes his name to Arnaud because of his ties with Alpha Centauri, which is where he first raised his banner in rebellion
like i said the story i wrote was really mythological, grounded in esoteric symbolism
but this can be more of a straight-played military RP

Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Gunther
Raw
Avatar of Gunther

Gunther Captain, Infantry (Retired)

Member Seen 1 day ago

You can use this OOC tab to write a lot of those notes you were trying to tell me on discord. I will not return to that conversation to try to find what you were saying. It will be a waste of time and I guarantee I will not find it there. Let's keep everything here so we know where it is. If we have a discord Private Message (PM) conversation and a forum PM conversation going on, I will not be able to track it. I know discord is great for real time communications, but I do not get that luxury often. When it happens, I usually have others in real life trying to get my time. It is much easier for you to leave stuff here and for me to look at it when I have time instead of searching three different places for it.
Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Gunther
Raw
Avatar of Gunther

Gunther Captain, Infantry (Retired)

Member Seen 1 day ago

You can post your character in the Characters tab. That starting OOC post should have all the notes about the thread you tried to share with me the other night while I was falling asleep trying to keep up.
Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Starboard Watch
Raw
GM
Avatar of Starboard Watch

Starboard Watch Jolly Tar

Member Seen 5 mos ago

Posted in quotes our discord discussions straight copy-pasted. If you wish I can write up some more elaborate lore. Moved the characters to Characters.

Sorry for lack of decorum!
Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Gunther
Raw
Avatar of Gunther

Gunther Captain, Infantry (Retired)

Member Seen 1 day ago

Posted in quotes our discord discussions straight copy-pasted. If you wish I can write up some more elaborate lore. Moved the characters to Characters.

Sorry for lack of decorum!


I planned to use your ideas to help in the creation of my character. Knowing his name is just the first step. I like to go a lot deeper and then I use that information when writing the story. It helps me to understand the setting better. I don't know if I can do that properly with the conversation quoted above like it is.
Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Starboard Watch
Raw
GM
Avatar of Starboard Watch

Starboard Watch Jolly Tar

Member Seen 5 mos ago

1x Thank Thank
Hidden 4 yrs ago 4 yrs ago Post by Gunther
Raw
Avatar of Gunther

Gunther Captain, Infantry (Retired)

Member Seen 1 day ago

I have one more issue to clear up before I can post. It is in regards to my character's position in the Regiment. I want to insure that the position, you think he is, is the one I think he has. First, let me define a few terms.

Adjutant: There was a time when I served in an infantry battalion as the battalion's "Adjutant". My official title, was the battalion personnel officer or the S1. Adjutant is an informal title used during formal ceremonies involving the use of a parade ground. The Adjutant or S1 is one of the five primary staff officers in a battalion, regiment, or brigade. The position exists at division, corps and army too, but he is referred to as a G1 in the higher echelons. At that level, the term "General Staff" is used instead of Staff, hence the letter G replacing the letter, S. At battalion level, the Adjutant is a Captain. At Regiment and brigade, the Adjutant is a major. If you intend on my character being an Adjutant, he would be a major.

Aide-de-Camp: An Aide-de-Camp is an assistant to a General Officer. Colonels and below do not get the luxury of an Aide-de-Camp. The position is similar to a bat boy in the British Army, but so much more. He is more than just the general's valet. He manages his schedule and runs errands for him too. He also serves as a body guard when needed. A Brigadier (General) would be allowed a 2nd Lieutenant or 1st Lieutenant. A Major General would be allowed a Captain and a Lieutenant General or higher would be authorized a Major. As a Colonel, commanding a regiment, your character would not be authorized an Aide-de-Camp. Since he is a Colonel commanding a regiment and you keep using the term, "Adjutant" I believe you mean the regimental S1, who is a Major. But I have another option listed below.

Operations Officer: The Operations Officer or S3 is one of the five primary staff officers. At battalion, Regiment and Brigade, the S3 is a Major. At Division and higher, the G3 is a Lieutenant Colonel. The only reason I mention the operations officer, is because during combat operations, the Commander moves with his operations officer. In the infantry we refer to their group as the Jump TOC. TOC = Tactical Operations Center. The Jump TOC contains the Commander, S3, two vehicle drivers, the assistant Intelligence Officer (subordinate to the S2 Intelligence Officer) or Regimental Intelligence Collection Coordinator (RICC) and the Fire Support Officer (FSO) who would be a Major or LTC. The RICC would be a 1LT or CPT. The S2, who is in the Main Command Post is also a Major and primary staff officer. Since the Regimental Commander travels with his operations officer, wouldn't it make sense that they would have formed a bond as well? Usually the Commander and S3 are very close. If everything went to shit, these two would be together. The Adjutant, S1 is way in the rear with the battalion supply officer, S4 (another primary staff officer), coordinating Administrative and Logistics operations to keep the unit supplied with materials and personnel.

So, far you have mentioned the 25th Grenadier Regiment and some other hastily-raised conscript regiments. I recommend you promote Childebrand to Brigadier General and give him command of a Brigade. Your Brigade will consist of the following units:
25th (Royal Panchala) Grenadier Regiment (60% strength or 2,250 men + vehicles to move the Regiment)
114th Panchala Volunteer Infantry Regiment (755 men)
116th Panchala Volunteer Infantry Regiment (976 men)
76th Anti-Armor Battalion (36 AT guns /w transports)
357th Transport Battalion (vehicles to move the 114th PVIR)
358th Transport Battalion (vehicles to move the 116th PVIR)

If Childebrand were the Brigade Commander, Theuderic, son of Childeric would be either a Major as the Brigade's Adjutant or a Lieutenant as the General's Aide-de-Camp or the regiment's operations officer. If you want Childebrand to remain a Colonel commanding the Regiment, then Theuderic could not be an Aide-de-Camp (LT), but preferably the Regiment's Operations Officer (Major) rather than the regiment's Adjutant, S1 (Major) who would have been more than 15 kilometers behind the Regimental Commander and his Jump TOC when things went to shit.

Does this make sense to you?
Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Starboard Watch
Raw
GM
Avatar of Starboard Watch

Starboard Watch Jolly Tar

Member Seen 5 mos ago

Yes it does. I'll move him back to being a Brigadier General as he as previously and you can be the aide-de-camp.
Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Gunther
Raw
Avatar of Gunther

Gunther Captain, Infantry (Retired)

Member Seen 1 day ago

It appears our characters are in the same armored car charging into battle together based on what you wrote and your response.

Theuderic rode in the front seat of the armored car with his rifle hanging out the window...Theuderic could see the pride in his commander’s face as he looked up at the fighter bombers preparing to make their run on the enemy positions to their front.

Seeing his commander stand in the track commander’s hatch with confidence inspired him to know this would be a good day...
Gunther
Hidden 4 yrs ago 4 yrs ago Post by Starboard Watch
Raw
GM
Avatar of Starboard Watch

Starboard Watch Jolly Tar

Member Seen 5 mos ago

It appears our characters are in the same armored car charging into battle together based on what you wrote and your response.

<Snipped quote by Gunther>


Sorry I was confused. Initially I imagined Childebrand standing on the balcony of the ruined house, but now I see what you wrote and I like it a lot better.

You calling the Brigade 'CHILDEBRAND Brigade' reminded me of the German Kampfgruppen, and since we're working in that sort of "theme" I decided to have him call it that.

Also wanted to ask you what you thought of my concept on the Royal Panchalan Regiment being more along the lines of the large-style regiments of the British Army, with a lot of battalions organized under the basic Regimental structure, with Divisions being more for the Sectors? Like so we would have the 1st-90th Battalions under the RPR, which itself is under the Severacian Division, which itself is subordinate to the Army of the Sagittarius Arm.

This sort of regimental styles would only be for the remaining Pre-War regiments, who still preserve their traditions. The volunteer regiments, I think, would be smaller and ultimately operationally subservient to the RPR even if they are technically equals.
Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Gunther
Raw
Avatar of Gunther

Gunther Captain, Infantry (Retired)

Member Seen 1 day ago

I was thinking along the lines of a mix between US Regiments of WWI and German Kampfgruppen of WWII. The only problem with calling them Kampgruppen is we don't have a lot of combined arms assets. I didn't know how much liberty you wanted me to take with the Brigade. You want an armor battalion? is a question I would ask. Therefore, I only gave it three maneuver elements; the 25th Grenadiers and two Volunteer Infantry Regiments--similar to German Volksgrenadier regiments. For the Volunteer Regiments I used the 19th century organization of 10 companies per regiment, starting at roughly 1000 to 1100 men. But there aren't enough men available for these regiments so the numbers are small. Also, a US infantry Regiment in WWI numbered about ~3700 men with 12 companies in three battalions. Again, I gave it only 60% strength and 2250 soldiers instead of 100% because there just aren't enough folks to go around. I'm familiar with the UK design you mention, I wasn't aiming for that. That would be extremely cumbersome for our purpose. Three battalions, with four companies per battalion would be fine. I should draw some operational graphics just to show you what I mean.
You calling the Brigade 'CHILDEBRAND Brigade' reminded me of the German Kampfgruppen, and since we're working in that sort of "theme" I decided to have him call it that.

Also wanted to ask you what you thought of my concept on the Royal Panchalan Regiment being more along the lines of the large-style regiments of the British Army, with a lot of battalions organized under the basic Regimental structure, with Divisions being more for the Sectors? Like so we would have the 1st-90th Battalions under the RPR, which itself is under the Severacian Division, which itself is subordinate to the Army of the Sagittarius Arm.

German Kampgruppen were created out of the units assigned to a division. Below, I have listed the order of battle for the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler during Operation Wacht am Rhein or the Ardennes Offensive in December 1944. You will see it is a pretty straightforward organization with one Panzer Regiment and two panzer grenadier regiments as well as a number of Combat Support and Combat Service Support units.


What the Germans did in WWII is the same as what US infantry and armor officers do today in the US Army. We call it Task Organizing using Combined Arms. We learned this from the Germans. You take an infantry regiment and add armor, field artillery, air defense artillery, anti-armor and other CS assets so a Regimental (company, battalion or brigade) Commander can use all these different branches together in a combined arms array.

This is what Kampfgruppe Peiper looked like on December 16, 1944:

1 SS Pz Rgt
I/1st Panzer Battalion (67x Panthers)
9th Pioneer Company
10th Flak Company
501 SS Hvy Pz Bn (attached as II Bn, 42x Tiger II tanks)
III/2 SS PG Rgt,
II/1 SS Pz Arty Rgt
3/1 SS Pz Pio Bn
13/2 SP Inf Gun Co
84 LW Flak Bn


Today, we call this a Battalion Task Force or a Brigade Combat Team. The US terms are the equivalent of the German Kampfgruppen. They used that term, meaning Battle Group for Company, Battalion, Regiment and Brigade sized formations.

With our Brigade, which has one grenadier regiment and two volksgrenadier regiments, we really can’t combine arms too much to look like a Kampfgruppe. So for now, CHILDEBRAND Brigade works.

This operation has the 1st Battalion on the left, the 2nd Battalion in the center, serving as the Brigade’s Main Effort and the 3rd Battalion on the right. The 114th is following the 1st Battalion in column formation and the 116th is following the 2nd battalion in column formation. What should happen is, the heavy formations will penetrate the enemy positions and keep moving to the next line of enemy troops. The 114th will deploy on the left enemy battalion and roll that unit up following the 1st Bn 25th grenadiers. The 116th will do the same thing behind the 2nd battalion in the center position and the 3rd battalion, will provide security along the brigade’s southern flank or right.

The Brigade Commander will travel in a four vehicle group called the Jump TOC. The four vehicles belong to the BC, S3 (Operations Officer), FSO (Fire Support Officer) and the ALO (Air Liaison Officer). The ALO is calling in your Air Strikes. He is serving as the Air Force's FAC (Forward Air Controller). They are conducting CAS missions (Close Air Support). The FSO or FSCOORD (Fire Support Coordinator) is coordinating fire from Field Artillery and mortar units to place effective indirect fire upon teh enemy. A Brigade's FSCOORD is a Lieutenant Colonel and generally the Brigade's Direct Support (DS) Field Artillery battalion. We should add an FA battalion (18 guns) to the Brigade. Probably 155mm or 8" cannons.

Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Starboard Watch
Raw
GM
Avatar of Starboard Watch

Starboard Watch Jolly Tar

Member Seen 5 mos ago

I see what you mean. I was thinking more stylistically and poetically rather than what it organizationally actually meant. But I'll go ahead and amend it for you. I see your point.

What is your thought as far as the organization of the RPR?
Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Gunther
Raw
Avatar of Gunther

Gunther Captain, Infantry (Retired)

Member Seen 1 day ago

I am working on a table of organization and equipment for the Panchalan army and the 25th Grenadiers Regiment. I have a few questions.

What sort of Anti-Tank weapon would we be carrying? rocket, gun or railgun? I have slots for a Light Anti-Armor Weapon, a Medium AT weapon and a heavy AT weapon. In the current US Army or USMC that would be the AT-4 (Light), Medium Anti-Armor WEapon System (MAAWS) and the TOW II (Heavy). As opposed to using a 57mm AT gun or 75mm AT gun from WWII era. What is your thoughts on this?

For Mortars, I will go with the 120mm mortar, track mounted.

I have created several different vehicles. Looking for some concept ideas you may have on these.

Utility truck: equivalent to a Jeep or HMMWV
10-ton Cargo Truck: same
Tracked Combat Vehicle: I imagine something like the M113 APC or the Soviet-built BMP or the current UK-built FV-510 Warrior tracked section vehicle.

Armored Car: Soviet-built BRDM-2, US Stryker, or German built Fennek
Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Starboard Watch
Raw
GM
Avatar of Starboard Watch

Starboard Watch Jolly Tar

Member Seen 5 mos ago

I like the idea of there being towed anti-tank weapons, perhaps of a railgun-type variety.

As for the vehicles, I think sticking with the Germanic theme would be interesting.

What do you think of my concept as the Regiments being more organized like the British Army?
Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Gunther
Raw
Avatar of Gunther

Gunther Captain, Infantry (Retired)

Member Seen 1 day ago

I like the idea of there being towed anti-tank weapons, perhaps of a railgun-type variety.

As for the vehicles, I think sticking with the Germanic theme would be interesting.

What do you think of my concept as the Regiments being more organized like the British Army?

Railguns do not exist, but we can create them for our sci fi adventure. :)

A Germanic theme will work. I will look at Germanic tracked personnel carriers (marder?) and armored cars (Fennek) as well as the utility trucks and cargo trucks (Lorries?).

I have done a lot of research today and have put a lot of work into the REgiment based on the American WWI regiment. I have taken some pieces from WWII, the United Kingdom and modern infantry units. But it is not based solely on one nation. You should see the rank structure I created. I can post that here for you to peruse. It is UK rank insignis with German rank names...


Click on the image for a larger more crips image.


Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Starboard Watch
Raw
GM
Avatar of Starboard Watch

Starboard Watch Jolly Tar

Member Seen 5 mos ago

I love it! It all looks good to me. By the structure of the Regiment, though, I meant more on the idea of it being more of a "parent" unit to subordinate battalions, which far exceed the normal structure of a US Army Regiment. Basically there being a bunch of battalions subservient to the Regiment which are operationally issued out to Brigade Fighting-Groups, and the Regiment itself subordinate to a Sector-based Division, which in turn is subordinate to a Regional Army.
Hidden 4 yrs ago 4 yrs ago Post by Gunther
Raw
Avatar of Gunther

Gunther Captain, Infantry (Retired)

Member Seen 1 day ago

OK. I have finished the Regiment. I need to clean it up before I post the entire thing. But it will look like this except I have every swinging dick accounted for. I will post the full one in the Characters tab. It is huge. I will use Hiders to contain everything.

Grenadier Regiment

Regimental HHC (61 soldiers)
3x Grenadier Battalions (3,972 soldiers)
Total: 4,033 soldiers

I Battalion/25 RPGR


No. 1 Company 246 soldiers
No. 2 Company 246 soldiers
No. 3 Company 246 soldiers
No. 4 Company 246 soldiers
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) 194 soldiers
Combat Support Company (CSC) 146 soldiers


Total: 1,324 soldiers in the Battalion

II Battalion/25 RPGR


No. 5 Company 246 soldiers
No. 6 Company 246 soldiers
No. 7 Company 246 soldiers
No. 8 Company 246 soldiers
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) 194 soldiers
Combat Support Company (CSC) 146 soldiers


Total: 1,324 soldiers in the Battalion

III Battalion/25 RPGR


No. 9 Company 246 soldiers
No. 10 Company 246 soldiers
No. 11 Company 246 soldiers
No. 12 Company 246 soldiers
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) 194 soldiers
Combat Support Company (CSC) 146 soldiers


Total: 1,324 soldiers in the Battalion

It ended up being over 4,000 soldiers instead of the 3700 I was aiming for. I did add a Pioneer platoon and an ADA Section to each battalion That pushed it a bit higher. I stopped using my WWI reference when I was designing the Headquarters sections at Battalion and Regiment and used what I knew from real life. I spent many years as a primary staff officer at Battalion. I was an HHC company commander at Brigade; equivalent to the Regimental HHC and I served in a Mechanized Infantry battalion in Germany during the Cold War. The Headquarters and Headquarters Companies (HHC) at Battalion is very complicated, I actually broke up the HHC into the HHC and the CSC. I put all the Combat Support Assets in the CSC. I should have it up later tonight.

With the Regiment being at 4,033 soldiers (authorized), I'll put their effective strength for the current operation at 2,420.
Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Starboard Watch
Raw
GM
Avatar of Starboard Watch

Starboard Watch Jolly Tar

Member Seen 5 mos ago

Looks good.
Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Gunther
Raw
Avatar of Gunther

Gunther Captain, Infantry (Retired)

Member Seen 1 day ago

Grenadier Regiment

Regimental HHC (61 soldiers)
3x Grenadier Battalions (3,972 soldiers)
Total: 4,033 soldiers

I Battalion/25 RPGR


No. 1 Company 246 soldiers
No. 2 Company 246 soldiers
No. 3 Company 246 soldiers
No. 4 Company 246 soldiers
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) 194 soldiers
Combat Support Company (CSC) 146 soldiers


Total: 1,324 soldiers in the Battalion

II Battalion/25 RPGR


No. 5 Company 246 soldiers
No. 6 Company 246 soldiers
No. 7 Company 246 soldiers
No. 8 Company 246 soldiers
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) 194 soldiers
Combat Support Company (CSC) 146 soldiers


Total: 1,324 soldiers in the Battalion

III Battalion/25 RPGR


No. 9 Company 246 soldiers
No. 10 Company 246 soldiers
No. 11 Company 246 soldiers
No. 12 Company 246 soldiers
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) 194 soldiers
Combat Support Company (CSC) 146 soldiers


Total: 1,324 soldiers in the Battalion

I finally got the Regimental organization posted. I had problems with the hider tags. The forum insisted I had some misaligned tags. I spent hours trying to find them on Wednesday. I could not. I finally found them this morning and was able to post the organization. You will notice, I did not repeat the Grenadier Battalion three times or the Grenadier Companies four times or the Grenadier platoons four times. Just note that there are four platoons in each company and four companies in each battalion. I hope this meets your needs. It took me a bit of time to put it together. But the longest was just finding that damn misaligned tag. LOL

Hidden 4 yrs ago Post by Starboard Watch
Raw
GM
Avatar of Starboard Watch

Starboard Watch Jolly Tar

Member Seen 5 mos ago

I like it, and to me I envision there being more Battalions, upwards to like 90 or so. Would you agree to the sort of British-like Regimental scheme? Other than that, I like it. We would just rename the alotted Battalions to numbers down the chain and have these be like the Battalions on Targus IV.
↑ Top
© 2007-2024
BBCode Cheatsheet